Chemistry

Brainstorming ieas that can be used for Group 4 project;
 * pH level of water - relating with buffering capacity
 * Turbidity of water - measure of degree to which the water loses its transparency presence of suspended particles
 * Chemical substances (like heavy metal) in the water
 * Lead II - precipitation between aqeous NaCl and water containing Lead II
 * Mercury - hard to carry out experiment
 * Cadmium - hard to carry out experiment
 * Chromium - hard to carry out experiment
 * Nitrate - using litmus strip

__**Research Question:**__ What can be conclude about West lake water base on information of pH level of water, turbidity of water, harmful chemical substances to whole ecosystem such as Lead, and Nitrate from 3 different area

__**Hypothesis:**__ // If //test to indicate pH level, and turbidity, presence (if there is, level) of chemical substances // then //
 * There will be high level of nitrate in West Lake water which cannot be used as drinking water // because // nitrate enters water from fertilizer run-off, erosion of natrual deposits, metal-finishing industries around the lake
 * There will be high level of lead in West Lake water // bea cuse // lead enters water from household plumbing systems, discharge of industrial pollution and erosion of natural deposits
 * The pH level will be lower than pH 7 (neutral) // because // of acidic rain but also fact that every water has buffering capacity

__**Method**__
 * Measuring pH Level
 * 1) Fill a dropper (pipette) with distilled water
 * 2) Rinse glass electrode of electric pH meter using distilled water
 * 3) Fill each of 3 beakers with 3 different water sample areas from West Lake accordingly with naming tape
 * 4) Place glass electrode of pH meter in first water sample and wait around 20 minutes
 * 5) Read and record pH value of first water sample on pH meter digital display
 * 6) Repeat 2 ~ 5 steps 5 times
 * Measuring nitrate level (in ppm)
 * 1) Rinse middle container of 'Palintest' using distilled water
 * 2) Wipe off water using paper towal
 * 3) Pour water sample in the middle
 * 4) Put number 1 chemical substance into the water
 * 5) Mix it by either stirring or shaking untill it's completely dissolved
 * 6) Put number 2 chemical substance into water
 * 7) Mix it by either stirring or shaking untill it's completely dissolved
 * 8) Leave it for a minute
 * 9) Check and comapre the color with color on
 * 10) Repeat 2 ~ 5 steps 5 times
 * Checking presence of Lead II by using precipitation reaction
 * 1) Put 5.844g of NaCl into 100mL of distilled water to produce 1M of aqeous NaCl solution
 * 2) Rinse each 5 measuring cyclinder with correct water sample accodring to naming label and pour 20mL of water sample into measuring cyclinder
 * 3) Rinse 10mL measuring cylinder with distilled water and put 5mL of aqeous NaCl solution that is made at previous step
 * 4) Pour aqeous NaCl solution to each 5 water sample
 * 5) Extract PbCl2 using filter paper or paper towal
 * 6) Record the mass of precipitated PbCl2
 * 7) Repeat 2 ~ 6 steps 5 times

__**Data Collection:**__ __**Conclusion and Evaluation (brieft summary with systematic and random errors):**__ To measure nitrate level of water sample from West Lake, test-kit called 'Palintest' was used To measure pH level of water sample from West Lake, Vernier pH sensor connected with Go!Link was used To check the presence of Lead II, precipitation reaction of NaCl with water with Lead was used
 * Qualitative observation
 * Quantitative observation
 * |||||||| **pH level**  ||||||||  **Nitrate level**  ||  **Presence of Lead II**  ||
 * ^  ||  Trial 1  ||  Trial 2  ||  Trial 3  ||  Average  ||  Trial 1  ||  Trial 2  ||  Trial 3  ||  Average  ||^   ||
 * **Sample 1** ||  9.50  ||  9.54  ||  9.50  ||  **9.51**  ||  6  ||  6  ||  6  ||  **6**  ||  No  ||
 * **Sample 2** ||  9.55  ||  9.59  ||  9.58  ||  **9.57**  ||  4  ||  4  ||  4  ||  **4**  ||  No  ||
 * **Sample 3** ||  7.39  ||  7.35  ||  7.40  ||  **7.38**  ||  5  ||  5  ||  5  ||  **5**  ||  No  ||
 * **Sample 3** ||  7.39  ||  7.35  ||  7.40  ||  **7.38**  ||  5  ||  5  ||  5  ||  **5**  ||  No  ||
 * It was hard to distinguish actual color for Nitrate level testing using test-kit provided above
 * The range of nitrate level was 0~10 mg L^(-1) and I had to predict (guess) the level of nitrate
 * Both number 1 and 2 chemical substances were not dissolved completely, some remained at the bottom of solution
 * The shock from outside changed the pH level of water samples
 * It took at least 15 minutes for pH level to be stablized